GRE百日百句百题:句子解析与练习
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Day 5

实战演练

When marine organisms called phytoplankton photosynthesize, they absorb carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater, potentially causingAreduction in the concentration of atmospheric carb o n dioxide,Agas that contributes to global warming.However, phytoplankton flourish only in surface waters where iron levels are sufficiently high.Martin therefore hypothesized that adding iron to iron-poor regions of the ocean could help alleviate global warming.While experiments subsequently confirmed that suchAprocedure increases phytoplankton growth, field tests have shown that such growth does not significantly lower atmospheric carbon dioxide.When phytoplankton utilize carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, the carbon becomesAbuilding block for organic matter, but the carbon leaks back into the atmosphere when predators consume the phytoplankton and respire carbon dioxide.

——GRE OG 2nd Edition, Practice Test 1, Section 4, Verbal Reasoning

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.It can be inferred from the passage that Martin's hypothesis includes which of the following elements?

A.A correct understanding of how phytoplankton photosynthesis utilizes carbon dioxide

B.A correct prediction about how the addition of iron to iron-poor waters would affect phytoplankton growth

C.An incorrect prediction about how phytoplankton growth would affect the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide

答案:A、B、C

答案解析

本题是一道不定项选择题,要求选出关于Martin的假设所有正确的选项,那么我们只能将选项带入文中,逐一核对。文中Martin的假设在第三句“Martin therefore hypothesized adding iron to iron-poor regions of the ocean could help alleviate global warming”(向含铁量不足的海域加入铁可能有助于缓解全球变暖)。

选项A“是对浮游植物进行光合作用以利用二氧化碳的正确理解”正确,因为前面说浮游生物只在含铁量足够高的表层水域活跃,那么增加铁就会使浮游植物增加,而浮游植物的增加可以吸收会导致全球变暖的二氧化碳,所以Martin的假设是正确地理解了浮游植物和二氧化碳的关系。

选项B“是对含铁量不足的海域加入铁如何影响浮游生物的生长的正确预测”正确,文中提到“随后的实验证实了这一做法(Martin的假设中的做法)加快了浮游生物的生长”。

选项C“是对浮游植物的生长如何影响大气中的二氧化碳的浓度的错误预测”正确,文中提到“现场实验显示这种生长没有明显降低大气中的二氧化碳”,而前面Martin假设“向缺铁水域加入铁(促进浮游生物生长后)会缓解全球变暖(即会减少大气中二氧化碳含量)”,所以Martin对于二氧化碳会减少的预测是不对的,因此选项C也是正确的。

英文重现

When marine organisms called phytoplankton photosynthesize, they absorb carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater, potentially causingAreduction in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide,Agas that contributes to global warming.However, phytoplankton flourish only in surface waters where iron levels are sufficiently high.Martin therefore hypothesized that adding iron to iron-poor regions of the ocean could help alleviate global warming.

解析

1.“when”引导的时间状语从句,表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时进行或者一前一后发生。此处“when”引导的时间状语从句主语为“marine organisms”,谓语是“photosynthesize”。“called phytoplankton”和后面的“dissolved in seawater”都是过去分词短语作后置定语,分别修饰“marine or ganisms”和“carbon dioxide”。这类后置定语的功能相当于定语从句,所以,我们在理解时也可以改成“which are called phytoplankton”和“that is dissolved in seawater”。

2.“potentially causingAreduction in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide”是现在分词短语作状语,表示主句动作发生后产生的结果。一般说来,这种结构的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,比如在这里,执行“cause”这个动作的就是“marine organisms”。类似的例子如:

They opened fire, killing one of our soldiers.

他们开枪,打死了我们的一个士兵。(开枪的后果就是打死了我们的一个士兵,执行“kill”这个动作的是“they”。)

3.“a gas that contributes to global warming”是前面“atmospheric carbon dioxide”的同位语,“a gas”被后面的定语从句“that contributes to global warming”修饰。由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语,常用逗号连接。

4.“water”一般情况下是不可数名词,当它以复数形式出现时,意思是“(海、湖、河等的)水域”。此处“surface waters”后面的“where”引导的是一个定语从句,当先行词为表示地点的词时,“where”引导的是定语从句;如果先行词不是表示地点的词,例如,如果文中的句子是“However, phytoplankton flourish only where iron levels are sufficiently high”,“where”引导的就是一个地点状语从句。

5.最后一个句子,“hypothesized”后面的宾语从句的主语是一个动名词结构“adding iron to iron-poor regions of the ocean”。动名词作主语通常表示抽象的动作,而不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作。

词义辨析

参考翻译

当被称作浮游生物的海洋生物体进行光合作用时,它们吸收溶入海水中的二氧化碳,可能会造成大气中二氧化碳浓度的下降,(大气中的二氧化碳是)一种导致全球变暖的气体。但是,浮游生物只在含铁量足够高的表层水域生长繁盛。Martin因此假设,向含铁量不足的海域加入铁可能有助于缓解全球变暖。